What does "quantitative easing" involve?

Quantitative easing is a monetary policy tool used by central banks to stimulate the economy when conventional monetary policy becomes less effective, particularly when interest rates are already near zero. The process involves the central bank purchasing government securities, such as bonds, from the open market.

By buying these securities, the central bank increases the money supply and lowers interest rates, which is intended to encourage lending and investment. This boost in economic activity can help support job growth and stabilize the economy during periods of downturn. The choice regarding the purchase of government securities directly aligns with the definition and purpose of quantitative easing, making it the correct answer.

Other options, such as reducing government spending, increasing interest rates, and cutting taxes for businesses, pertain to different economic policies or tools and do not capture the essence of quantitative easing as a method of expanding the monetary supply through open market operations.